By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. Szczepanski, Kallie. Grandmother. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? . The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). "White Lotus Rebellion In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). . Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. (present perfect, tell). The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Update now. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. Chien-lung What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. ", Dai, Yingcong. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. . The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. ." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . 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