Cross), Give Me Liberty! (Grades inch = 500 km. These natural disasters may be mitigated, however, by insightful and creative engineering. Students also investigate which structural designs are most likely to survive an earthquake. Before looking at the Earthquakes Living Lab, have pairs complete the, Then guide the teams to the Earthquakes Living Lab via the living lab website at. Note the differences in Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake - SE Asia a foldable activity, slide presentation to guide reading, and an answer key! The spot where those three circles intersect is the epicenter (Figure 13.12). within type by subtype, then by grade, etc. In this 1-to-10 logarithmic scale, each succeeding level representing 10 times as much energy as the last. H\0y Before going to the classroom, you will need to: Provide each student, with the following: Earthquakes occur every day all over the United States and all over the world. What data is used to determine magnitude? Read through the sections What Is Seismology and What Are Seismic Waves?, Where Do Earthquakes Happen?, and Why Do Earthquakes Happen? to answer the following questions: What is the difference between S and P waves? Triangulation is required to determine exactly where it happened. (5 minutes) Discuss how gathering information on epicenters can be applied. 4. Key Facts & Information. aqmd. 0000078169 00000 n The Richter scale was created in the 1930s to assign a single number to quantify the energy released during earthquakes. What are those limits? Free K-12 standards-aligned STEM curriculum for educators everywhere. The three seismograms in this activity are unfi ltered station records from a single event that occurred on August 1, 1999. BDF endstream endobj 74 0 obj <>stream It is called triangulation because a triangle has three sides, and it takes three seismographs to locate an earthquake. cCV&0Lw1~c\4QA!{q: N3\`Lccgb,x/if`WH3(\'q)Da'@ | endstream endobj 92 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[57 4]/Length 20/Size 61/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream An earthquake is the violent movement of tectonic plates in the Earth's crust. If the lag time were measured at a location closer to the epicenter, how would it compare Success is figuring out that the estimated magnitude is 5.9. and S waves depends on the distance from the epicenter of the answer the following question. (Grades Learn more How Can I Locate the Earthquake Epicenter? It's a logarithmic scale from 1 to 10 with each succeeding level representing 10 times as much energy as the last. The moment magnitude scale (MMS) was developed in the 1970s as a modification of the Richter scale and is better for measuring big earthquakes but less good for small ones. Tracings made at three separate seismic stations are needed to locate an earthquake epicenter. 0000001746 00000 n Alignment agreement: !D,X2:azTG)kPT~Mj 4>d w@O'. The point of origin of an earthquake is called its focus and the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus is the epicenter. Yw8SxGk}X3kfTfW& gk`41#'uf7"G\fsN4^8jC7[+%`qFLFKpFc Legal. Students first triangulate the location of an earthquake's epicenter, then calculate its magnitude. The simulation renders three circles on a map and directs students to find the epicenter. 12), Evaluate ways that technology can impact individuals, society, and the environment. 0000001861 00000 n Though the distance to the epicenter can be determined using a travel-time graph, the direction cannot be told. endstream endobj 84 0 obj <> endobj 85 0 obj <> endobj 86 0 obj <>stream important in helping seismologists determine the epicenter of the earthquake. d>(ZvO= 107 0 obj <>stream Encourage them to explore all of the Earthquakes Living Lab as they complete the worksheet. Subject Areas: Explains how to find an earthquake epicenter using at least three seismograph stations. 3. epicenter - the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus, or origin, of an earthquake. Focus (aka Hypocenter) is the location in the Earth where the earthquake starts. miles from the epicenter of an The vertical lines, spaced one [*aiLG?+J\QI86~}ooRrr!pm}dk@dBbZPMZlC4C\9^ SM.R\!H+$|+DUzt^w{" %&{KXjT'9yzT^UFe:+f(`PU_9%EW@\)?i qp!\G Z endstream endobj 75 0 obj <>stream Through the online Earthquakes Living Lab, student pairs explore various types of seismic waves and the differences between shear waves and compressional waves. Make an overhead copy of each of the handouts. Show students some of the numerous online animations comparing the movements of P and S waves. Resources. However, please review it for the specific setting, materials, students, and conventional safety precautions. How far do S waves travel in 5 Last updated November 26, 2013. Next, have student groups answer the eight questions in the. at that station. One seismogram indicates the distance to the epicenter. Video Guide / Worksheets and Quizzes for Quizzes and Answer Sheet __ 2. 0000004511 00000 n 12), Analyze and interpret data about natural hazards using direct and indirect evidence 0000006538 00000 n question 1 of 3. Q(_?!6YV3B"\'9:4gTp*7^/P.X!skfkJ)1nG#a\{UD+iWM+ rQR]9SFTUPlM#"c:;tnsQPlu]Uyv?Ge}W;8cMA/x}'5clES~+}S+N7}wQ:/BkmI^" 5oqaBC[TRjq4.e}F:SQg{=u\xcg~EaZKReoC?oahJ` 'w endstream endobj 77 0 obj <>stream The farther away the epicenter is, the greater the difference . 0000098546 00000 n 0000008088 00000 n [N'. Facility Name Busine Child ren Information Child Name C. Child Social Security Number Type of Case being filed - Check only one category. Please answer the following questions using the earthquake video - shake, shake, shake. The USGS and its partners monitor and report earthquakes, assess earthquake impacts and hazards, and . Hand out the worksheets to the groups and direct them to read through the instructions. Figure 8. Swaves arrive at the seismic station after the Pwaves. Use Figure 4.5 and the travel-time graph in Figure 4.4 to determine the distance between each station and THREE SEISMOGRAMS the epicenter. 9 - Though they may weaken with distance, seismographs are sensitive enough to still detect these waves. If less precision is desired, precede M with a tilde, such as "M ~7" or "magnitude ~6.8.". After reading about earthquakes, open a new window to an Earthquake Simulator at, Follow the simulation instructions. HTn {0,`K6}(J6]&Q^"!q57y_VQ9fp3/?Mc=KGsrrt:c\$Lh`4}>C>`qcSj0[YpZ_Su(322/N Z./$E )H %C[5ph[BUyGh7|!XPQiDjJ(|BNvylk+g;9G(#Aby>Jcf`XmnwtDD+;Z^I&Sb-4!7oi` L7 endstream endobj 78 0 obj <> endobj 79 0 obj <>stream 9 - Many updates and improvements! For purposes of this activity, the least complicated and probably most accurate approach is to just use the term "magnitude," without needing to say "on the Richter scale" or "on the moment magnitude scale." approximate period of the surface waves in seconds? American Geosciences Institute. Step 1: ans- d) 65 seconds Ste . An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter. The longer the time is between the P-and S-wave . 0000001408 00000 n 0000079769 00000 n Direct students to finish the activity by completing the. Locating an Epicenter Activity - Arkansas Geological Survey Then do the same for the S-wave. 1) Identify the general term for waves released from an earthquake. 0000000956 00000 n A. Seismic waves-waves generated by an earthquake, can move the ground forward and back- answers the question. (i. Students learn how engineers build shake tables that simulate the ground motions of the Earth caused by seismic waves in order to test the seismic performance of buildings. If a quake is far from the seismograph, the P-waves arrive long before the S-waves. The real-world earthquake data is viewable via a graphical interface using a scaling map. velocity, amplitude, and frequency of the The American Geosciences Institute represents and serves the geoscience community by providing collaborative leadership and information to connect Earth, science, and people. Also commonly termed the focus. Develop a solution to a technological problem that has the least negative environmental and social impact. Using online resources and simulations available through the Earthquakes Living Lab, students explore the consequences of subsurface ground type and building height on seismic d Seismographs are measuring devices designed by engineers and used by researchers to determine the locations and magnitudes of earthquakes. Objective Use data from seismograms to locate the epicenters of earthquakes. a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org). 0000001396 00000 n Mapping the history of natural hazards in a region, combined with an understanding of related geologic forces can help forecast the locations and likelihoods of future events. Click on New Document and select the file importing option: upload Locating the epicenter of an earthquake worksheet answer key from your device, the cloud, or a protected link. Must engineers be content with mitigating disasters, instead of preventing them? A single recording station can only calculate distance, but not direction; to cover all possibilities, a complete circle is drawn around that station. earthquakes. One seismogram indicates the distance to the epicenter. 11 minutes elapsed between the first P wave and the last measurable surface wave. Use of the TeachEngineering digital library and this website constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Use mathematical representations of phenomena or design solutions to describe and/or support claims and/or explanations. Pwaves have the greatest velocity and reach theseismic station first. Material is sheared side to side, perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. In this activity, students use an online simulationVirtual Earthquakethat is accessible through the Earthquakes Living Lab interface, to locate the epicenter of an earthquake by making simple measurement on three seismograms, recordings of an earthquake's seismic waves detected by instruments (seismographs) far away from the earthquake. In this investigation, participants will understand that S and P waves are used to find the epicenter of an earthquake by using seismograph data to triangulate an epicenter. Earthquakes Living Lab: Finding Epicenters & Measuring Magnitudes. Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. In this activity, students use an online simulationVirtual Earthquakethat is accessible through the Earthquakes Living Lab interface, to locate the epicenter of an earthquake by making simple measurement on three seismograms, recordings of an earthquake's seismic waves detected by instruments (seismographs) far away from the earthquake. This is determined by the P-and S-wave arrival times. If the lag time were measured at a location closer to the epicenter, The period of a wave is the time between two adj, How does the period of the P waves compare to t. Use data from seismograms to locate the epicenters of earthquakes. Some places are more prone to earthquakes than others. How does distance from the epicenter affect the S-P time interval? hb```b````e``n`d@ A 'EF''oquE"ky#:}m;9JmkPt~=unFHy&|X:70 vILZ*|%6mD! DocHub v5.1.1 Released! 0000006984 00000 n Entering the three maximum amplitudes generates a nomogram, a graphical device that simplifies the process of estimating magnitude from distance (determined earlier in the tutorial from the S-P interval process) and amplitude. Describe the logarithmic nature of the earthquake magnitude scale. Epicenter is the location on the surface of the Earth directly above where the earthquake starts. The hypocenter is the point within the earth where an earthquake rupture starts. HlRnQ?R\>BjK' ya{I;W@DgMN2:UtbT=*+cY1.8Vm(u3Zt"J @9TAjJH@H_F3n7\Srdw~gAR#JQGj`ueS! Then locate and click the link in the center of the page under the question: "How is an earthquake epicenter located and how is magnitude determined"? Three seismographs are needed. To locate the epicenter of the earthquake, seismologists use the . What is the time lag for the Seattle, Washington, seismic station? The earthquake occurred somewhere along that circle. Locating an Epicenter through Triangulation of Seismic Data- Remote/Hybrid/Live. 4. fault - a fracture in Earth's crust where the rocks on either side have moved. Once three seismographs have been located, find the time interval between the arrival of the P-wave . earthquake though). Learn from this informative and clear video.Brought you by award-winning Once each student has constructed his or her circle on the map, mark with an X, the epicenter of the earthquake. 0000002840 00000 n P wave: The first seismic wave of an earthquake. "`B(R6sj [CX7p+s =#;~ `'kA So the difference in the P- and S-wave arrival times determines the distance between the epicenter and a seismometer. How can you locate an earthquake's epicenter? When the tension becomes too great, the fault slips, causing an earthquake. Copyright 2023. Accessed December 11, 2013. http://www.sciencecourseware.com/virtualearthquake/, USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy (implemented on January 18, 2002). 0000008845 00000 n Add to Library. Section 8.1 What Is an Earthquake? Type text, add images, blackout confidential details, add comments, highlights and more. travel time for P waves. Also called seismometer. Overhead transparency of each of the handouts, Overhead projector (contact classroom teacher about this) and screen, Optional: overhead transparency or PowerPoint of, What do you know about the causes and impacts of Earthquakes? Thus technology use varies from region to region and over time. Multiply the difference by 8.4 to estimate the distance, in kilometers, from the seismograph station to the epicenter. Send activity 4 locating an earthquake epicenter worksheet answers via email, link, or fax. distance = travel time for S waves Direct student pairs to independently complete the tutorial/simulation to find an epicenter location via the triangulation method and compute the earthquake magnitude: The simulation directs students to look at three simplified seismograms from seismic stations in Chile (Talca, Santiago, Osorno) and select the correct measurements of the S-P intervals. Earthquakes Living Lab: Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes ActivityWorksheet Example Answers 4 now big earthquakes are measured using the moment magnitude scale; both scales essentially rank the power (energy release) of the earthquake. As discussed earlier in this lesson, this method of determining the epicenter of an . 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The spot where those three circles intersect is the epicenter (Figure 13.12). Empirical evidence is required to differentiate between cause and correlation and make claims about specific causes and effects. Use this information to complete the following. What is the to the lag time measured at this location? How many minutes elapsed between the arrival of the first P wave and the last measurable (from left to right). 0000003966 00000 n First locate and mark the three seismic stations on the world map provided below. to the lag time measured at this location? The answer is the San Andreas Fault. In order to determine the location of an earthquake epicenter, seismographsfrom at least three different places are needed for a particular event. Virtual Earthquake (tutorial/simulation) 1996. 0000001978 00000 n Privacy Policy, Seismograms from seismic stations in Fresno, CA, Phoenix, AZ, and Las Vegas, NV, A modified travel time curve for S-P wave, A Modified Travel Time Curve for S-P Wave. graph. Finding the Epicenter. Using the real-world data in the living lab enables students and teachers to practice analyzing data to solve problems and answer questions, in much the same way that scientists and engineers do every day. 15 Bill Nye - Earthquakes Worksheet Key Earthquakes occur when the big pieces of earth's crust, called plates, move a little. See Answer. HTn0MmcHCB 0000055643 00000 n moment magnitude scale: Similar to the Richter scale, but replacing its use starting in the 1970s for more accuracy in measuring big earthquakes (magnitudes > 3.5) from greater distances. Take a few minutes to read the information on the left side of this page for the 2010 earthquake off the coast of central Chile. triangulation: A method to determine exactly where an earthquake originates. 0000001675 00000 n The epicenter of an earthquake can be found using the difference between the arrival of the Primary and Secondary waves. [k0 |`2dGXGGGd00A(60P-e = F5n -f$ C atrial depolarization. By looking at the time between the arrivals of the P- and S-waves, one can determine the distance to the earthquake from that station, with longer time intervals indicating longer distance. The, amount of time that passes between the Pwave arrival and the Swave arrival is. To make a magnitude determination, two measurements are needed: the S-P interval (already determined earlier in the tutorial) and the maximum amplitude of the seismic waves. Download. If you can't find an answer to your question, please contact us. trailer <<320C1F98F8FF4795B5CCB8D9E9A0B99B>]/Prev 812054/XRefStm 1396>> startxref 0 %%EOF 93 0 obj <>stream In order to determine the location of an earthquake epicenter, seismographs from at least three different places are needed for a particular event. 13. 0000003855 00000 n 87 0 obj <> endobj xref 87 28 0000000016 00000 n Travel-time graphDistance in Miles, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, seismogram. Earthquake Location 2 Using the skills that you acquired in the picking P and S arrivals, you can now locate an earthquake using real seismic records. Why might the triangulation method not always produce an exact point (other than your measurement errors)? (Source: USGS). activity illustrates how the epicenter of an earthquake is found. 0000001533 00000 n First, determine the P-wave arrival, and read down to the bottom of the seismogram to note at what time (usually marked in seconds) that the P-wave arrived. 12), computer or other device with Internet access, journal or writing paper for each student. Expert Answer. The nations most famous fault is the San Andreas Fault, which runs along a north-south trend in southern California, and happens to run directly through Los Angeles. earthquake - shaking and vibration of Earth's surface. Describe the process of triangulation to locate an epicenter. We additionally manage to pay for . 0000002544 00000 n epicenter of an earthquake, how Finding the epicenter worksheet answer key. 100 km 4.1 km/s 24.4 s; Finding the epicenter (continued) data table analyze and conclude answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. Of the four Earthquakes Living Lab seismic areas, choose the "Chile" box, as shown in Figure 3. : an American History (Eric Foner), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Forecasting, Time Series, and Regression (Richard T. O'Connell; Anne B. Koehler), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), How many minutes elapsed between the arrival of the first P wave and. Finding the Epicenter Determine the epicenter distance from three different seismographs. Details. 0000000016 00000 n Conclude the activity with a class discussion (and perhaps homework questions) to share ideas and answers, as described in the Assessment section. At least 3 earthquake recording stations are required to find the location of the earthquake epicenter. 12), Seek, evaluate, and use a variety of specialized resources available from libraries, the Internet, and the community to find scientific information on Earth's history 0000005544 00000 n Do you agree with this alignment? minutes and P waves 8 minutes to (Grades 9 - 12). Tips: Make sure students are reading the S waves and not the P waves. Locating Earthquake Epicenter Lab - Triangulation sheet for students and/or teachers to use (Slide 6), and answer key (Slide 7). Record your answer from Lab Exercise #2, Step 1. As you read and complete the activity, take notes so you can complete the. Figure 2 is a seismic wave travel-time www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/csm_findingepicenters_activity1, Search curriculum by Common Core standards, http://www.teachengineering.org/livinglabs/earthquakes/, Click to view other curriculum aligned to this Performance Expectation, Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes Worksheet, Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes (docx), Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes (pdf), Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes Example Answers (docx), Finding Epicenters and Measuring Magnitudes Example Answers (pdf), Earthquakes Living Lab: FAQs about P Waves, S Waves and More, Seismic Waves: How Earthquakes Move Through the Earth, Earthquakes Living Lab: Designing for Disaster, http://www.teachengineering.org/livinglabs/index.php, https://www.newpathonline.com/api_player/enus_54_6304/LXX/index.html. This is determined by the P-and S-wave arrival times. Identify P, S, and surface waves on seismograms, Measure amplitude and lag time on seismograms, Use triangulation to accurately locate the epicenter of an earthquake, Accurately report the latitude and longitude of the epicenter, Sea Floor Lab Help with Problem 2 - Tagged, Metamorphic Rocks Lab Instructions - Tagged, Lab exam 2 - Study guide for the second exam regarding all the labs and material covered, Redaccion de textos II Marco n membrete es aquello que se ubica en el sector superior de una pgina, mencionando el ttulo o el nombre de un individuo, una empresa, etc. 9 - Moment magnitude scale. Accessed December 11, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale, Novak, Gary. 12 Earthquake Location Lab Answer Key (PDF) - skislah.edu Web12-earthquake-location-lab-answer-key 1/1 Downloaded from skislah.edu.my on February 15, 2023 by guest 12 Earthquake Location Lab Answer Key Right here, we have countless ebook 12 Earthquake Location Lab Answer Key and collections to check out. Richter magnitude scale: An earthquake measurement scale created in the 1930s to assign a single number to quantify the energy released during earthquakes. 0000003254 00000 n They use three seismographs in a process called triangulation to determine earthquake epicenters. Make arrangements so that each student group has a computer with Internet access. Thanks for your feedback! In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g., by state; within source by type; e.g., science or mathematics; For example, the western United States has earthquakes more frequently and on a larger scale than the eastern part of the country. Section A - Operator Information 1. Figure 2. For example, Students learn about the types of seismic waves produced by earthquakes and how they move through the Earth. X!.43p2t!}SLx-3z.KN4X+H\+vk? Last modified July 18, 2012. Draw your signature, type it, upload its image, or use your mobile device as a signature pad. How does the Mad Scientist. Nov 2, 2020 Triangulation is used to determine the location of an earthquake. For upper grades, have students work individually, do two of the three seismic area tutorials, and look up historical earthquakes to learn their magnitudes, and make data tables or graphs with this information. Geology Labs On-Line, Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA. The longer the time between the arrival of the P-wave and S-wave, the farther away is the epicenter. (Listen to student ideas.) Describe what the "magnitude" of an earthquake is. hWmo9+[+UH EkNB|6YiaVJ=cRh7{T1R,5LI1$K=s)XR&87@&$LTPLutlcyNuzjf--\?qaXZM&HM.Eg"HnTqSWqN0&~2kf0 Md|d&:zhe)7I? %PDF-1.5 % The distance is in kilometers. The magnitude is the logarithm of the amplitude of the ground wave. ' endstream endobj 69 0 obj <> endobj 70 0 obj [85 0 R] endobj 71 0 obj <> endobj 72 0 obj <> endobj 73 0 obj <>stream Considered best for measuring small earthquakes (3.5 M or less). Activity 4 Locating An Earthquake Epicenter Answers: Fill Out & Sign . The calculated distance from each seismometer to the earthquake is shown as a circle. I also will take them through the general process of how find the difference in arrival times of p- and s-waves can be used to find a distance to an earthquake and how using data from 3 seismograph stations is used to locate the epicenter. Subjects: Activity4:LocatinganEarthquakeEpicenter Objectives:Ifyoucompletealltheproblems,youshouldbeableto: Identif 17 Station St., Ste 3 Brookline, MA 02445. farther from the epicenter of an earthquake? The uses of technologies and any limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. Now on the main page of the Earthquakes Living Lab website (see Figure 2), note the featuring of four active seismic areas and the mapping of real-time and current data from earthquakes happening around the world. What is an earthquake? 0000010002 00000 n Edit your locating an earthquake epicenter worksheet answers online. P and S arrivals, you can now locate an earthquake your answers below. I contacted the persons listed below to find out the location of the following people entitled to notice Name of Person Measure the difference in arrival times between the first shear (s) wave and the first compressional (p) wave, which can be interpreted from the seismogram. (Figure 3):. If a quake is far from the seismograph, the P-waves arrive long before the S-waves. Share with Classes. 0000005081 00000 n 92 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[83 25]/Info 82 0 R/Length 62/Prev 466624/Root 84 0 R/Size 108/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Assess their understanding based on the thoroughness of their answers. Do you think we will someday be able to prevent earthquakes? 0000078100 00000 n minutes = 6 minutes. %PDF-1.4 % Use the graph to answer the questions that follow. Earthquakes & Volcanoes Test Review Answers. between arrival of P and S waves is called ACTIVITY 4.2B Locating an Earthquake Figure 4.5 shows seismograms for the same earthquake recorded at three locations - New York, Nome, Alaska, and Mexico City. 6. Pwaves have the greatest velocity and reach the, seismic station first. Review their answers to assess their base knowledge of the subject matter. Apr 8, 2020 One seismogram indicates the distance to the epicenter. Great exercise for Regents Earth Science. During an earthquake, seismic waves are sent all over the globe. Shear wave from earthquake, moving slower than primary waves, through solid material only. The living lab presents earthquake information through a focus on four active seismic areas and historic earthquakes in those areas. %%EOF 0000006011 00000 n Mark the first arrival of the swave on each seismogram. ?t?s=Yt '_( endstream endobj 76 0 obj <>stream HS]o01j6R0iMm4U=wL8]BE< 0000005149 00000 n We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Thus, the Richter scale is used for measuring small earthquakes (3.5 M or less), while the moment magnitude scale is used for measuring stronger earthquakes (3.5 M or higher). A circle with a radius of the distance to the quake can be drawn.